100年前、考古学的な文化財に対しどのような眼差しを向けていたのか?およそ100年前にコレクションされた考古遺物や当時の記録から郷土史家、また芸術家の目を通して文化財への関わりと学史を紹介する展示です。
日本では江戸時代より文人趣味の一環として、古い文物を蒐集することが流行していました。「好事家」「好古家」と呼ばれたコレクターの彼らは、ある意味、埋蔵文化財保護の先駆けともみることもできるでしょう。
明治維新以降、ハインリヒ・フォン・シーボルト(1852-1908)やハインリ・エドムント・ナウマン(1854-1927)そしてエドワード・シルヴェスタ・モース(1838-1925)など外国から招来された西洋人の学者や技術者により、遺跡や遺物を学問としてとらえる、考古学の概念が持ち込まれ学問として飛躍的に発展しました。シーボルトの著作『考古説略』は日本にはじめて「考古学」という言葉を根付かせたものです。また彼が兄と共に完成させた父の著作『日本』は、日本を西洋に紹介し、ジャポニスムの起点となりました。
地方においても「好古」から「考古」へ緩やかな過渡期がありました。学者だけではなく、芸術家や一般の趣味人も古い物への興味を向けています。文化財保護へのアプローチは現在と違いますが、彼らは土の中から発見した埋蔵文化財に興味を持ち、蒐集し愛好したのです。おおよそ100年前に蒐集された好古遺物や、写真記録は何を語るのでしょう。倉敷や岡山の考古学の発展の足取りが見えてくるかもしれません。
現在、倉敷市酒津の児島虎次郎(1881-1929)のアトリエから見下ろす中州では、高梁川の治水工事が行われており、それに伴う酒津・水江遺跡の発掘調査も行われています。同じように100年前にも治水工事が行われ、大きく景観が変わりました。酒津の遺跡をとりまく近代化遺産も当時を伝えるもののひとつです。薬師寺主計(1884-1965)と同じ時代を生きた岡山県の営繕技師もアール・デコの意匠を用い、倉敷東西用水の取水場や組合事務所など公共の建造物を建造しています。
What kind of perspective was directed toward archaeological cultural properties one hundred years ago? Through the eyes of local historians and artists, this exhibition introduces their involvement with cultural properties and the history of their research based on archaeological artifacts collected approximately one hundred years ago and records from that time.
In Japan, collecting artifacts has been popular since the Edo period among connoisseurs. Collectors known as “kōzu-ka” (dilettantes) or “kōko-ka” (antiquarians) could be regarded, in a sense, as pioneers in the preservation of buried cultural properties.
After the Meiji Restoration, Western scholars and engineers such as Heinrich von Siebold (1852-1908), Heinrich Edmund Naumann (1854–1927), and Edward Sylvester Morse (1838–1925) introduced the concept of archaeology, which studies ruins and artifacts from a scientific point of view, and it developed rapidly into an academic discipline. Von Siebold wrote a book entitled Kōko setsuryaku (A brief outline of archaeology), through which the term “kōkogaku” (archaeology) took root in Japan for the first time. His father's book, Nippon, which Heinrich completed together with his elder brother, introduced Japan to the West and became the starting point of Japonisme.
In the provinces, too, there was a period of gradual transition from “antiquarianism” to “archaeology.” Not only scholars, but artists and ordinary hobbyists showed an interest in old things. Although their approach to cultural properties differed from the present, they were keen on buried cultural properties discovered from under the ground, collected, and enjoyed them. What do the antiquarian artifacts collected one hundred or so years ago and documentary photographs tell us? Perhaps we will be able to trace the development of archaeology in Kurashiki and Okayama.
In the Nakasu district of Sakazu, Kurashiki-shi, which Kojima Torajiro (1881–1929) could see from his studio, the Takahashi River is currently undergoing flood control work. Along with construction work, excavation surveys of the Sakazu and Mizue ruins are also being undertaken. River improvement was also carried out one hundred years ago, and the landscape changed significantly. The heritage of modernization in and around the Sakazu ruins is one of the relics of the time. The engineers in Okayama Prefecture, who were active in the same period as Yakushiji Kazue (1884–1965), also employed Art Deco designs to construct public buildings including the East-West Water Treatment and Distribution Facility and the East-West Water Treatment and Distribution Association Office.
プロローグ
Prologue
地中から掘り出された古代の遺物たち。現在では考古学の分野で扱われるそれらに、百年前の芸術家や研究者も眼差しを向けていました。設立当初の倉敷考古館を支えたのは、まさに彼らのコレクションでした。
Ancient artifacts unearthed from the ground—such artifacts, which are now studied in the field of archaeology, also attracted the attention of artists and researchers a century ago. It was their collections that supported the Kurashiki Archaeological Museum in its early days.
「大正十年 祐安」と書かれた須恵器
Sue Ware Pottery inscribed “Taisho 10 (1921) Sukeyasu”
1
好古から考古へ
From Antiquarianism to Archaeology
明治初年、「gentlemen interested in archaeology」、または「antiquarian」という英語は、「好古家」と訳されていました。この語が意味するのは、古いモノを好み集める趣味のある人のこと。やがて好古家には考古学的視点をもつ者も現れ、児島虎次郎をそのひとりとして見ることができるのです。
In the early Meiji period, the English terms “gentlemen interested in archaeology” and “antiquarian” were translated as “kōko-ka.” This term refers to people who like old objects and collect them as a hobby. Eventually, some of them began to take an interest in archaeology, and Kojima Torajiro was one such person.
児島虎次郎の住居兼アトリエ(倉敷市酒津)内部風景写真
個人蔵
Interior view of Kojima Torajiro's residence and studio(Sakazu, Kurashiki), Private collection
2
吉備の考古学
Archaeology in the Kibi Region
1925年以降、岡山では考古学の研究グループが設立され、文化財保護に対する意識が高まりました。このような人々が考古学の道を歩むきっかけとなった土器や、蒐集後に戦火に見舞われた古瓦などとともに、学史をなぞります。
Since 1925, archaeological research groups have been established in Okayama Prefecture, raising awareness of cultural property preservation. This section traces the history of archaeology, featuring pottery that inspired these individuals to pursue archaeology, as well as ancient roof tiles that were damaged in the war after being collected.
玉井伊三郎『吉備古瓦図譜』1929年
3
変わる風景
Changing Scenery
1925年、高梁川から下流域を潤すための倉敷東西用水が完成しました。組合事務所となる建物にはアール・デコが見られます。児島虎次郎の酒津のアトリエからは工事の様子も見えたことでしょう。そして、まさに100年後の今、この場所では河川工事に伴う発掘調査が行われているのです。
In 1925, the Kurashiki Tozai Irrigation to bring water to the lower reaches of the Takahashi River was completed. The building that served as the union office features Art Deco elements. From Kojima Torajiros studio in Sakazu, one could probably have seen the construction work. And now, exactly 100 years later, excavation surveys related to river conservation work are being conducted at this site.
東西用水組合事務所(1926年)内部写真
Interior view of East-West Water Treatment and Distribution Association Office, 1926
酒津東西用水配水施設(1925年)写真
East-West Water Treatment and Distribution Facility, 1925
図版に所蔵先の明記のないものは、すべて(公財)大原芸術財団のコレクションです。
All works without mention of the collection belong to the Ohara Art Foundation.